employment-population ratio of natives to test for crowding out at the national level. Third, we analyze occupational upgrading … calculate a positive employment rate effect for most native workers. Even simulations for the most recent 2019-2022 period … suggest small positive effects on wages of non-college natives and no significant crowding out effects on employment …

white workers in terms of their manufacturing employment. However, Hispanic workers are overrepresented in exposed … industries and therefore face greater manufacturing employment losses relative to whites on net. In addition, they experienced … relative losses in non-manufacturing employment, largely due to their lower educational attainment and baseline industry mix …