We study the relationships between corporate R&D and three components of public science: knowledge, human capital, and … established firms, which account for more than three-quarters of business R&D, is affected by scientific knowledge produced by … innovation in firms. However, inventions from universities and public research institutes substitute for corporate inventions and …

external knowledge acquisition are complementary innovation activities, but that the degree of complementarity is sensitive to … existence of complementarity. We use our empirical methodology to analyze complementarity between innovation activities …: internal research and development (R& D) and external knowledge acquisition. Our results suggest that internal R& D and …