An early criticism of the Stability and Growth Pact has pointed to its asymmetric nature and the weak mechanisms to prevent politically-motivated fiscal policies: its constraints would bite in downswings but not in upswings, especially if in the latter the electoral cycle increases the...

Die Beschlüsse von Maastricht zur Einführung einer gemeinsamen europäischen Währung erzeugten unterschiedlichste Reaktionen in Öffentlichkeit und Wissenschaft: Während die einen von einer "Vision für Europa" sprachen, warnten andere vor einem "gefährlichen Irrweg". Auch heute noch...

At the height of the European sovereign debt crisis, the European Central Bank decided to purchase distressed European government bonds. Even worse, and more importantly, the ECB is providing direct support of several hundred billions of euros to troubled banks via its normal monetary policy...