of the Atlantic – Europe and the United States. The contribution of the study is mainly empirical, trying to identify … populations in the receiving countries, both in Europe and in the United States; and (b) while in the United States the … religiosity of immigrants serves as a bridge between the immigrants and the local population, in Europe it has mainly the function …

to Europe. Using a large new city-specific data set covering Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, we unravel the … reasons for the Islamic world's stagnation and Europe's long-term success are specific to each region: any significant … local participative government in Europe that made cities less dependent on the state explain why Europe's urban development …

innovation. In the early-modern period parliaments declined in influence in southern and central Europe and gained in importance …