An analysis of European employment deficits using employment-population ratios shows that there exist unexhausted … employment potentials in many EU countries, in particular for older employees, but also for women and in the service sector. If … the EU-15 were to match the U.S. employment-population ratio, an additional 34 million people could be in work. The new EU …

gender differences in job separation rates to employment and nonemployment. In line with descriptive evidence, we find lower … affect separations differently by gender. When additionally controlling for wages, we find that both separation rates are … considerably lower and also significantly less wage-elastic for women than for men, suggesting an interplay of gender differences …