Stronger enforcement of discrimination laws can help to reduce disparities in economic outcomes with respect to race …, ethnicity, and gender in the United States. However, the data necessary to detect possible discrimination and to act to counter …

"Audit studies testing for discrimination have been criticized because applicants from different groups may not appear … unobservable determinants of productivity can still generate spurious evidence of discrimination in either direction. This paper … shows how to recover an unbiased estimate of discrimination when the correspondence study includes variation in applicant …