This paper discusses the treatment of growth as a path-dependent process in post-Keynesian macrodynamics. A synthetic post-Keynesian growth model is used to demonstrate the ways in which growth can be described as path-dependent in the post-Keynesian tradition. Recent developments in...

Recent Kaldorian growth models emphasize the need to reconcile the demand-led actual rate of growth and the potential rate of growth. This issue is revisited in light of criticism suggesting it is a ‘red herring’. An explicit model of the supply side is used to show that, in a...

European regions have experienced a polarisation of their unemployment rates between 1986 and 1996, as regions with intermediate rates have moved towards either extreme. This process has been driven by changes in regional employment, only partly offset by labour force changes. Regions' outcomes...

This paper analyses a model of economic development in which international inequalities in the location of industry and income are supported by the agglomeration of industry in a subset of countries. Economic development may not be a gradual process of convergence by all countries, but instead...

We document and then develop a model explaining and relating changes in firms’ organization and in urban structure. Sharing of business services by headquarters and of sector-specific intermediates by production plants within a city reduces costs, while congestion increases with city size. A...

This review of recent contributions reveals common conclusions about the effects of integration on location. For high trade costs the need to supply markets locally encourages firms to spread across different regions. Integration weakens the incentives for self-sufficiency and for intermediate...

This paper describes the spread of industry from country to country as a region grows. All industrial sectors are initially agglomerated in one country, tied together by input-output links between firms. Growth expands industry more than other sectors, bidding up wages in the country in which...

This paper analyses how the degree of regional integration affects regional differences in production structures and income levels. With high transport costs, industry is spread across regions to meet final consumer demand. As transport costs fall, increasing returns interacting with labour...

We provide empirical evidence on the role of labour market pooling in determining the spatial concentration of UK manufacturing establishments. This role arises because large concentrations of employment iron out idiosyncratic shocks and improve establishments' ability to adapt their employment...

This handbook chapter studies the theoretical micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies. We distinguish three types of micro-foundations, based on sharing, matching, and learning mechanisms. For each of these three categories, we develop one or more core models in detail and discuss the...