contributions to global trade growth have come from East Asian countries in the developing world and the Euro area in the developed … world. Merchandise trade, which in recent years has been less resilient than services trade, picked up, growing by 4 … slowdown of recent years - weak growth in GVCs and high trade policy uncertainty - are still present. In particular, there are …

. Trade policy developments are mixed. Restrictive trade measures imposed during 2018 affected 3.8 percent of world …-for-tat tariffs between the United States and China alone affected 2.0 percent of world merchandise trade in 2018. Ongoing trade … a multilateral approach and World Trade Organization reforms …

Preferential trade agreements have become deeper over time, often encompassing policy areas that go beyond traditional … trade policy, such as investment, competition, and intellectual property rights protection. In the literature, a prominent … adding a policy area to a trade agreement increases the domestic value added of intermediates (forward global value chain …

As awareness of the process of globalization grows and the study of its effects becomes increasingly important to … doing exactly that and more. The first group of essays explores how the process of globalization can be measured in terms of … geography are both considered, along with the controversial issues of globalization's effects on inequality and social justice …