contributions to global trade growth have come from East Asian countries in the developing world and the Euro area in the developed … world. Merchandise trade, which in recent years has been less resilient than services trade, picked up, growing by 4 … slowdown of recent years - weak growth in GVCs and high trade policy uncertainty - are still present. In particular, there are …

. Trade policy developments are mixed. Restrictive trade measures imposed during 2018 affected 3.8 percent of world …-for-tat tariffs between the United States and China alone affected 2.0 percent of world merchandise trade in 2018. Ongoing trade … a multilateral approach and World Trade Organization reforms …

Preferential trade agreements have become deeper over time, often encompassing policy areas that go beyond traditional … trade policy, such as investment, competition, and intellectual property rights protection. In the literature, a prominent … adding a policy area to a trade agreement increases the domestic value added of intermediates (forward global value chain …

-2018 may have caused a 1 percentage point decline in world trade growth. The paper also finds that the impact of policy …This paper attempts to quantify the impact of economic policy uncertainty on overall trade and trade linked to global … value chains. Using new data on policy uncertainty for 18 countries and 24 years, it finds a statistically significant …

geography, market size, institutions, and factor endowments. But policy choices matter as well. This report, based on new data … and evidence, shows that 'deep' trade agreements can drive policy reforms and help the region overcome some of its … economies recover from the COVID-19 pandemic. In these times of uncertainty and upheaval, policy commitments to deep trade …