We review current methods for calculating fines against cartels in the US and EU, and simulate their deterrence effects … deterrence effects before leniency programs were introduced. Previous simulations of the effects of fines ignore the different … type of deterrence that leniency programs bring about, and, therefore, grossly overstate the minimum fine likely to have …

Leniency programmes (or policies) reduce sanctions against cartel members that self-report to the Antitrust Authority …. We focus on their ability to directly deter cartels and analogous criminal organizations by undermining internal trust …, increasing individual incentives to ‘cheat’ on partners. Optimally designed ‘courageous’ leniency programmes reward the first …

The paper reviews the recent evolution of leniency programs for cartels in the US and EU, surveys their theoretical … fraud, or corruption - that share with cartels the crucial features that well designed leniency and whistleblower programs … of rewarding whistleblowers in other fields of law enforcement. It concludes with a list of desiderata for leniency and …

formation, and discusses how corporate governance and firm agency problems affect optimal law enforcement against cartels, both … in terms of sanctions and leniency policies. Many of the conclusions appear applicable, with minor changes, to non …

strategies deter cartel formation. With leniency policies offering immunity to the first reporting party a high fine is the main …This paper presents results from a laboratory experiment on the channels through which different law enforcement … then mainly driven by 'distrust', the fear of partners deviating and reporting. Absent leniency, the probability of …

We study the consequences of leniency - reduced legal sanctions for wrongdoers who spontaneously self-report to law … known that leniency helps to deter illegal relationships sustained by repeated interaction. Here we find that - when not … properly designed - leniency may simultaneously provide an effective governance mechanism for occasional sequential illegal …