the indirect wage effect resulting from lower unemployment risks and shorter spells in unemployment associated with higher … educated. We analyse the returns to education in Austria, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United Kingdom, countries which differ … accounting for the effects of unemployment on individual wages using EU-SILC data. Across countries we find a high variation of …

-work credit, and (iii) an employment bonus in the form of subsidized social security contributions on low wages. The work … for Germany. We find that the simulated labor-supply effects of the three policy reforms would be rather similar and of …