estimations show that fiscal policies and energy taxes are important determinants of pollution through various mechanisms. We find …

. This paper examines the extent to which free transit fares and appeals for car trip avoidance reduce car pollution on … effect is perverse in that it generates an increase in car trips and related pollution. Free fares also increase transit …

We consider a duopolistic industry in which pollution is a by-product of production and firms are given emission …

processes. Pollution modelling must be of a multi-output nature. The most flexible transformation function in outputs and inputs … used in textbooks is too general to make sense in pollution modelling. Specifying bads <italic>as if</italic> they are …

pollution usually bears a lower burden of the tax than the other input, although we find conditions under which this is not true … intensive, but capital is likely to be a better substitute for pollution than is labor. Copyright Springer Japan 2007 …

Empirical evidence suggests that increased democracy reduces pollution. Using a median-voter model (where a … income differs from the effect of a change in the economy-wide productivity in the determination of pollution. We find that a … democratization reform that brings poorer groups into the franchise leads to lower pollution only if the elasticity of the marginal …

, there have also been increased and sometimes critical levels of toxic pollution to the environment. Although much has been …