income on infant health. We measure the total amount of pandemic payments received during pregnancy, or the year before birth … economically meaningful effects on infant health. Overall, the findings suggest that income transfers during pregnancy will have … little effect on socioeconomic disparities in infant health …

income shock in the EU, compared to 32 per cent in the US. In the case of an unemployment shock 47 percent of the shock are … absorbed in the EU, compared to 34 per cent in the US. This cushioning of disposable income leads to a demand stabilization of … up to 30 per cent in the EU and up to 20 per cent in the US. There is large heterogeneity within the EU. Automatic …

Policymakers in the EU member states are currently shaping rescue packages to prevent the financial crisis hitting …