Brian Healy and Arthur Stein reached five conclusions about the applicability of international theory to the decade of the 1870s in their essay that was published in the Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1973. We offer data from the 1880s (as well as the 1870s) that extend and modify their work:...

This essay seeks to show that the successful use of reward and punishment is related to the degree of interdependence among the parties. Where the relationship is one of "independence," A cannot influence B using either technique. Where the relationship is one of "interdependence," rewards and...