[fre] Depuis un an environ, un net consensus est apparu entre les pays industrialisés sur la nécessité de soutenir économiquement les transformations politiques en cours en Europe de l'Est. L'ampleur de la mobilisation financière intervenue en quelques mois au profit de la Pologne et de la...

[fre] Depuis un an un net consensus est apparu entre les pays industrialisés sur la nécessité de soutenir économiquement les transformations politiques en cours en Europe de l'Est. L'ampleur de la mobilisation financière intervenue en quelques mois au profit des anciens satellites de...

[eng] The protection of Environment and the Sustainability Development in the long term have become planetary concerns which will be debated next june in « Earth Summit » in Rio de Janeiro. A new problematic, exposed in the Brundtland Report, written upon the United Nations' request, throws...

[eng] In Search of a New Start Thanks to the European Dynamics Roland Colin Spain's entry into the European Community on 1st January 1986 was the result of lengthy negotiations involving the proponents and opponents of integration. Now, after a year of experience, evidence on some of the issues...

[eng] Portugal joined the European Economic Community on January 1, 1986. In order to clarify the stakes of this new situation, the historical background must be taken into account. A very ancient colonial history came to an end with the drama of liberation wars, causing a national start and the...

[eng] Europe and Africa, Berlin 1885 to Berlin 1989 The 1885 Berlin Conference on the partition of Africa and the 1989 dismantling of the wall that symbolised the East-West divide, stand as key dates in the history of international relations. They both influenced the destiny of Africa. The...

[eng] Spain and Regional Autonomous Communities Roland Colin The Spanish nation was built up from many historic components, often antagonistic (Islam, Judaism, Christianity). In the XVIth century, after Reconquest, Castile, united with Aragon, started upon constructing national unification. Ever...

Israel is a young country with still dynamic population growth, but it is already beginning to face the consequences of population ageing. The pension system relies largely on mandatory private retirement saving, which will moderate the long-term fiscal impact. Yet, there are questions about the...

[eng] Twelve years after the first oil shock, the fall in oil price appears as a logical consequence of the sharp mutations that occured in the international oil market since the begining of the 80's. The reduction of demand for OPEC oil was in a paradoxical way evicting producers with main oil...

[eng] Confiscated Growth Département des diagnostics de l'OFCE In 1986 both the price of oil and the exchange rate of the dollar have come back to levels more in line with market equilibrium. But these have not had the expected stimulating effects. The improvements in the terms of trade —...