The objective is to measure how the values of firms are affected when experiencing shareholder activism. According to several researchers, firms can benefit from increased monitoring. If activism prompts managers to focus more closely on shareholder goals, it could enhance firm value over time....

Since the early 1980s, currency options have become a popular means for hedging foreign currency positions or speculating on anticipated movements in exchange rates. Yet, they can also be used to enhance the forecasting of exchange rates. Corporate forecasts of exchange rates involve two tasks:...