This paper addresses the link between the degree of unreliability of bus services and the level of optimal bus subsidy. With unreliability influencing user cost, and user cost being a key determinant of optimal bus subsidy, it follows that there is a link between service unreliability and...

Conventional analysis of pollution control policy under uncertainty does not properly account for the potential cost effectiveness difference between standards and charges, thus drawing misleading conclusions for the case of inefficient standards. Correcting for this anomaly, the following...