The "actual socialist" societies are characterized by the "primacy of politics" rather than the "primacy of economics" of bourgeois societies. Ac tual socialist societies cannot be analyzed with the concept of "state capital ism, " since, even though the mode of production, built on the "old...

The Eastern European countries, the Baltic States in particular, are facing difficult problems in the course of their economic and political transition: industrial decline, unemployment, institutional change, conversion of industries, etc. But most Eastern European states have available a...

All former Soviet Union countries experience their past as a heavy burden. It led to the centralisation of scientific personnel, the separation of research from teaching at universities, and a concentration of certain branches of technology in different parts of the Union. This has given rise to...