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-Related Intellectual Property Rights, or TRIPS. Enforcement of the TRIPS agreement would involve the multilateral trade sanctions mechanism …
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This study addresses the problem of car allocation to different routes under certain restrictions with the objective of reducing the excess cost of transportation. A meta-heuristic approach based on Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO) algorithm is proposed and implemented to schedule the cars...
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then sharply increases due to minimum standards set by the 1995 TRIPS Agreement. …
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Intellectual property rights have been driven relentlessly towards a unitary system for the entire world, originally through passive copying of flawed United States arrangements, but more recently as a result of determined lobbying by American interests. But diversity and competition have the...
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TRIPS does not lay down rules on parallel imports. Its provisions, however, do give states the discretion to apply …
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There are two opposite views regarding whether stronger protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) will benefit or hurt the South. We provide a unification using a model of directed innovations with identical but non-homothetic preferences. For the South, a major benefit of protecting...
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