World War I dramatically altered the world's financial landscape. Most countries left the gold standard, and New York replaced London as the major lender in world capital markets. This paper discusses how the gold exchange standard was reconstructed in the 1920s. We show that the U.S. capital...

[eng] Abstract This is a discussion of papers which were prepared for the 9th International Congress of Economic History (Bern, august 1986). The world economy is defined as the network of markets, scattered all over the world, which are integrated, i.e. between which there is coherence of...

[eng] Abstract Industrial landscapes were a by-product of the Industrial Revolution and emerged in Britain in the late 18th century (still earlier on, mining and textile districts had displayed some forms of "proto-industrial" landscapes). Those landscapes were created by innovations in...

[eng] Abstract This paper surveys the main fluctuations of «trade» between Britain and Brazil from c.1700 to с 1850; trade with a qualification, because, up to 1807, it had to pass through Portugal (so that its measurement is difficult). Exports of English goods to Brazil expanded greatly and...

[fre] Cet article examine d'abord comment les habitants de la Grande-Bretagne et de la France ont acquis leurs connaissances sur le pays d'en face. On note que le tourisme de masse ne favorise pas la compréhension entre les peuples, que l'enseignement des deux côtés de la Manche néglige de...