1. Early contacts and failed attempts to set up in Spain, 1812-1833 -- 2. Liberalism, corruption and war finances, 1833-1840 -- 3. The contradictions of peace : financial problems of the state and the first moves towards modernity, 1840-1855 -- 4. Financing the railways -- 5. Years of financial...

Investors have too often extrapolated from recent experience. In the 1950s, who but the most rampant optimist would have dreamt that over the next fifty years the real return on equities would be 9% per year? Yet this is what happened in the U.S. stock market. The optimists triumphed. However,...

The past decade has been a time of drastic developments, both in financial markets and in related academic research. Among the most striking developments are the expanded stockholder base, the increased popularity of mutual funds among households, and the growing importance of private pension...