This paper assesses the economic effects of carbon emission restrictions in Egypt. Like other studies, it is an exemplification of some of the economic possibilities under various conditions. However, it extends the domain of possibilities and suggests some issues that have not been considered...

We propose a risk-neutral second best toll pricing (SBTP) scheme to account for the possible nonuniqueness of user equilibrium solutions. The scheme is designed to optimize for the expected objective value as the UE solution varies within the solution set. We show that such a risk-neutral scheme...