In Africa, most development strategies include efforts to improve the productivity of staple crops grown on smallholder farms. An underlying premise is that small farms are productive in the African context and that smallholders do not forgo economies of scale-a premise supported by the often...

Economic welfare is assumed to be pursued by an African country considering or evaluating its Regional Integration Arrangement (RIA) membership. The proposed approach assigns to imputed residuals computed from pre-integration trend lines the change in after reform per-capita GDP and gives an...

Most of the developing nations are still struggling for efficient use of their resources. In order to overcome physical and administrative constraints of the development, it is necessary to transfer the power from the central government to local authorities. Distribution of power from improves...