) in London, Tokyo, Hamburg and Philadelphia, examines these ports as places of economic resilience and innovation - and …

In 1785 the first Philadelphia trade directory was published; a reflection of the pride and confidence of the city …) merchants. By comparing the Philadelphia trading community with its British counterpart, Liverpool, it is argued that in 1785 … Philadelphia still had the economy of a colonial port. Importantly, because of this, its distribution process operated very …