The “Harvard Balanced Scorecard model” by Kaplan und Norton wishes to make strategies communicable and more manageable for companies across all management levels within the company. To this effect, the balanced scorecard is a qualitative controlling or performance management instrument.

Value-Based Management, a widely applied reference for strategic management, aims at maximizing sustainable shareholder value creation. However, respective accounting metrics to measure the firm’s wealth creation, such as residual income and Economic Value Added (EVA®), are distorted by...