agency model to illustrate how voters' gender bias can lead reelection-seeking female politicians to undertake different … policies to be less effective if decided by women, the model predicts that female politicians undertake less containment effort … than male politicians when voters perceive the threat as low, while the opposite is true when voters perceive it as serious …

A growing theoretical literature on the effect of politicians' salaries on the average level of skills of political … candidates yields ambiguous predictions. In this paper, we estimate the effect of pay for politicians on the level of education …

political party may deliberately choose to recruit only mediocre politicians, in spite of the fact that it could afford to … recruit better individuals who would like to become politicians. We argue that this finding may contribute to explain the …

campaign finance systems are considered: a full anonymity (FA) system in which neither the politicians nor the voters are … informed about the donors' ideal policies or levels of donations; a partial anonymity (PA) system in which only the politicians … which both the politicians and the voters are informed about the donors' ideal policies and donations. We find that donors …