This chapter reviews the literature on the enforcement and dispute settlement of international trade agreements. It organizes the review of theoretical developments according to the following questions, of which relevant studies provide new insights: How can governments enforce trade agreements...

Compensation for adjudicators is generally considered as a core issue for judicial independence and for attracting good judges in the institutional design for courts. This paper examines compensation systems for adjudicators and dispute settlement administrators in investor-state dispute...

Advanced systems of domestic corporate law generally apply a “no reflective loss” principle to shareholder claims. Shareholder claims are permitted for direct injury to shareholder rights (such as voting rights). But shareholders generally cannot bring claims for reflective loss incurred as...

Judicial acts of states are becoming increasingly subjected to international investment claims. This book focuses on distinctive particularities of these claims. Although there are no special responsibility regimes for different functions of the state, the application of investment treaty...