Summary Internal conflicts and the forced displacement often caused by such conflicts impose a heavy burden on the civilian population and greatly damage a community's overall welfare. The present study employs a household-level survey administered to 2,322 Colombian displaced households to...

By the end of the 1990s, inefficiency, excess supply and low service quality characterized the mass transit system of Bogotá. The average travel time to work was one hour and ten minutes, obsolete buses provided public transport, traffic generated 70 percent of air pollution and there were...