Many economic models (such as the new-Keynesian Phillips curve, NKPC) include expected future values, often estimated after replacing the expected value by the actual future outcome, using Instrumental Variables (IV) or Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Although crises, breaks, and regime...

The two-regime Markov-switching model that James Hamilton estimated for US real GNP up to 1984 does not survive extension of the data set. To allow for the ‘Great Moderation’ we require a mean and variance regime that evolve separately. The Markov-switching component model is proposed as a...