The paper examines the theoretical basis of fair trade as justice. Grounded largely in the work of Amartya Sen, it looks at the origins, motivations, and elements of fair trade. Fair trade is examined as a potentially transformational form of justice. The intellectual merit of this paper is to...

This article is devoted to the analysis of the competitiveness of economic systems (capitalism and socialism) in the years 1950-1989. The author assumed that competitiveness is the ability of the surveyed economies to build prosperity. Therefore, to compare the competitiveness of both...

Economic, social, engineering, medical as well as financial activities lead very often (from the mathematical point of view) to deterministic optimization problems depending on an unknown probability measure. Evidently, an experience is then employed whenever it is possible. Mostly, it means...

When commitment is lacking, intertemporal trade is facilitated with the use of exchange media--interpreted broadly to include monetary and collateral assets. We study the properties of a model commonly used to motivate monetary exchange, extended to include a physical asset whose expected...

China has made impressive strides in education in recent decades, even though the accumulation of human capital has lagged behind that of physical capital. Going forward, access to and quality of education will be key to sustain economic convergence with the most advanced economies and to offset...

This paper addresses several broad issues for governments aiming to encourage private sector investment in low-carbon climate resilient (LCR) infrastructure, in both developed and developing world contexts. LCR infrastructure is defined, recognizing the interdependencies between infrastructure...

This policy paper aims to improve understanding on how SMEs responded to the COVID-19 crisis and adapted to the new environment, and how different players in their ecosystems are contributing to their digital transition. The first part of the paper sets the scene on the digital transformation of...

The report investigates the role of government programmes in strengthening SMEs’ resilience to external shocks, by focusing on SME digitalisation policies implemented in Korea during the COVID-19 outbreak. The report examines how digital tools and services have made SMEs more resilient during...

Blockchain is mainstreaming, but the number of blockchain for development use-cases with proven success beyond the pilot stage remain relatively few. This paper outlines key blockchain concepts and implications in order to help policymakers reach realistic conclusions when considering its use....