Organization that permits member countries to impose retaliatory tariffs in response to trade violations committed by other members …. We show that monetary fines are more efficient than tariffs in terms of granting compensation to injured parties when … violating country. If fines must ultimately be supported by the threat of retaliatory tariffs, they fail to yield a more …

enforcement, liberalisation of FDI, strengthen pro-competitive regulation of network services, and eliminate tariffs. It is …

Import tariffs tend to be higher for final goods than for inputs, a phenomenon commonly referred to as tariff …-maximizing tariffs are uniform across sectors. We show that tariff escalation can be rationalized on efficiency grounds in the presence … up the chain for final-good tariffs, input tariffs may drive final-good producers to relocate abroad, mitigating their …