Data for people in a family, firms in a sector, or members of any kind of group are often analyzed using data for the other members in each group. Examples are the number of older children for each child in a family or the mean investment of other firms in the same year. Many such problems yield...

In a series of recent articles, Karlson, Holm, and Breen (Breen, Karlson, and Holm, 2011, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstractid=1730065; Karlson and Holm, 2011, Research in Stratification and Social Mobility 29: 221– 237; Karlson, Holm, and Breen, 2010, http://www.yale.edu/ciqle/Breen...

Apportionment methods are used to translate a set of positive natural numbers into a set of smaller natural numbers while keeping the proportions between the numbers very similar. The methods are used to allocate seats in a chamber proportionally to the number of votes for a party in an election...