<title>Abstract</title> Women-owned businesses are often thought to face difficulties in applying for and securing bank loans (Schwartz, 1979; Riding and Swift, 1990; Buttner and Rosen, 1992; Fabowale <italic>et al</italic>., 1995; Haines <italic>et al</italic>., 1999; Coleman, 2000). While there may always be individual instances of difficulties with credit...

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of institutional distance on national innovation systems. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses social network analysis to analyze the connectivity between national systems of innovation. A regulative distance index is...