Understanding the responses of foragers to patchy distributions of resources has formed a fundamental challenge in behavioral ecology. Two currencies have been used to assess the patch preferences of herbivores--intake rate maximization and risk sensitivity. We wished to understand if small...

Social foraging differs from individual foraging because it alters both resource availability and the forager's behavior. We examined responses of starlings to the presence of conspecifics by manipulating foraging-group density experimentally, while ensuring that each subject's foraging...

In many species, foraging in groups can enhance individual fitness. However, groups are often predicted to be larger than the size that maximizes individual fitness. This is because individual foragers are expected to continue joining a group until the fitness in the group falls to the level...

There is currently considerable interest in the interplay between personal and social information in decision-making processes. Two experiments are presented exploring the relative use of prior personal information and subsequent social information in foraging decisions of guppies. Experiment 1...

Most of the watershed models contain snowmelt-computing options but there are modelling difficulties in snow-covered watersheds either due to paucity of data or in addressing snowmelt computation weakly. The temperature index (TI) and/or energy balance (EB algorithms of HEC-1, NWSRFS, PRMS, SHE,...

This paper presents some results from a numerical model of the wind and thermal climates, and the energy budgets, of city canyons. The model is capable of simulating spatial patterns of canyon energy budget components, subsurface and air temperature, and the components of the wind, as these are...

The energy budget of a method to harvest cotton stalks developed and tested in greece is reported in the present paper. The method used conventional hay harvesting machinery. An instrumented tractor was used to measure the energy consumption during the work in the field while literature data...

Using ten years of solar radiation data, the surface albedo of twenty-four sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was calculated, and annual, seasonal, and geographical variations were investigated. The selected sites encompass a wide range of atmospheric conditions. The mean annual albedo values...

Cloud microphysical parameters, such as cloud droplet size (r), droplet number concentration (N<SUB align="right"><SMALL>d</SMALL></SUB>) and liquid water content (LWC), play an important role in the energy budgets of clouds, and thus the climate of the earth's atmosphere. The observations were collected during the North Atlantic...</small></sub>