This paper analyses the role of services in international trade through the lens of global value chains (GVCs). Services account for more than 70% of world GDP but only for around 20% of world trade in balance of payments terms. In value added terms, accounting for services embodied in exported...

The concentration properties of one random variable may be governed by the values of another random variable which is concentrated and more easily analyzed. We present a general concentration inequality to handle such cases and apply it to the eigenvalues of the Gram matrix for a sample of...

The trade collapse that followed the global financial crisis of 2008–2009 has led to a renewed interest in measurement issues affecting international merchandise trade statistics in the new globalized economy. The international fragmentation of industrial production blurs the concept of...