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This paper examines how availability of microfinance influences households’ borrowing from informal sources in village … economies. It uses a unique household level panel data set, which spans more than two decades (1987–2008), from rural Bangladesh …. We find that households’ access to microfinance reduces the incidence of borrowing from informal sources, but not the …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011118118
Background and objectives. The majority of environmental education takes place in informal settings, of which so-called free-choice learning is typical. What is understood by this is a kind of learning which is self-determined and driven by the needs and interests of the learner. The...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010803090
Does microfinance support the empowerment of female borrowers? Results of studies analyzing microfinance and … empowerment delivered mixed results. In order to explore whether microfinance influences empowerment, the paper compares women in … higher loan cycles of a Pakistani microfinance institution with those in the first loan cycle regarding their empowerment …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010786481
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011632970
This chapter presents a unified set of estimation methods for fitting a rich array of models describing dynamic relationships within a longitudinal data setting. The discussion surveys approaches for characterizing the micro dynamics of continuous dependent variables both over time and across...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014024953
We propose a HAC estimator for the covariance matrix of the fixed effects estimator in a panel data model with unobserved fixed effects and errors that are both serially and spatially correlated.
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010580444
We examine how structural systems can yield observed variables instrumental in identifying and estimating causal effects. We provide an exhaustive characterization of potentially identifying conditional exogeneity relationships and demonstrate how structural relations determine exogeneity and...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10008835066
The development of a general inferential theory for nonlinear models with cross-sectionally or spatially dependent data has been hampered by a lack of appropriate limit theorems. To facilitate a general asymptotic inference theory relevant to economic applications, this paper first extends the...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011052246
We examine the long-run relation and short-run dynamics between energy consumption and output in a panel of 14 oil-exporting countries over 1980–2007. Panel unit root tests, which account for common cross-sectional factors, fail to reject non-stationarity in both variables. Thus, we explore...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011039608
This paper investigates spatio-temporal variations in ex-post credit risk in the United States, as a function of real estate prices, loan purchases made by government sponsored enterprises, and a set of local characteristics during the recent housing boom and bust.
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011117441