The contributions in this volume extend our understanding about the different ways distance impacts the knowledge conversion process. Knowledge itself is a raw input into the innovation process which can then transform it into an economically useful output such as prototypes, patents, licences...

For interface-tracking simulation of two-phase flows with a high density ratio, we propose a computational method, NS–PFM, combining Navier–Stokes (NS) equations with phase-field model (PFM) based on the free energy theory. Through the numerical simulations, it was confirmed that (1) the...

In this study, using the lattice Boltzmann method, we simulate soot accumulation in porous media to examine the particle trap in a diesel particulate filter (DPF). The porous media are numerically formed for different inner structure with given porosity. The porous structure similar to the real...

Although diesel engines have an advantage of low fuel consumption in comparison with gasoline engines, several problems must be solved. One of the major concerns is that diesel exhaust gas has more particle matters (PM) including soot, which are suspected to be linked to human carcinogen. As one...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a model for relief inventory ordering considering declining demand and realized shortage (RS) costs. This study is motivated by the overflow of unsolicited items in affected areas, which hinder the urgent relief flow....