We show that if an iterated function system with place-dependent probabilities admits an invariant and attractive measure, then it has the structure of a random dynamical system (in the sense of Ludwig Arnold).

We analyze mathematical properties of apportionment functions in the context of allocating seats in the European Parliament. Some exemplary families of such functions are specified and the corresponding allocations of seats among the Member States of the European Union are presented. We show...

Biproportional apportionment methods provide two-way proportionality in electoral systems where the electoral region is subdivided into electoral districts. The problem is to assign integral values to the elements of a matrix that are proportional to a given input matrix, and such that a set of...

Summary Stationary multiplier methods are procedures for rounding real probabilities into rational proportions, while the Sainte-Laguë divergence is a reasonable measure for the cumulative error resulting from this rounding step. Assuming the given probabilities to be uniformly distributed, we...

Summary For rounding arbitrary probabilities on finitely many categories to rational proportions, the multiplier method with standard rounding stands out. Sainte-Laguë showed in 1910 that the method minimizes a goodness-of-fit criterion that nowadays classifies as a chi-square divergence....