The use of accounting to help apply the principles of scientific management to business affairs is associated with the adoption of standard costing and budgetary control. This first British industry-based study of the implementation of these calculative techniques makes use of the case study...

Various estimates, both <italic>ex ante</italic> and <italic>ex post</italic>, have been produced of the accounting rate of return on investments in the late nineteenth-century coal industry, with some <italic>ex post</italic> figures also being calculated for individual firms engaged therein, such as the Consett Iron Co. Ltd. No one, however,...