In this paper the stability of an International Environmental Agreement (IEA) among N identical countries that emit a pollutant are studied using a two-stage game. In the first stage each country decides noncooperatively whether or not to join an IEA, and in the second stage signatories jointly...

This paper extends the strategic interactions between producers of fossil fuels concerned about their profits and a taxing government concerned about the consumers’ welfare for uncertainty: global warming follows an Itô -process. Stochasticity requires to differentiate between reversible and...

It has been often argued that pollution-intensive industries locate in places with weak environmental standards, turning these locations into “pollution havens”. The present paper tests the pollution haven hypothesis employing a matched data on foreign direct investment flows and...