Brazil’s public pension expenditure is about 9 per cent of GDP, above the OECD average. Given that OECD countries are … generally not only wealthier, but also significantly older, Brazil’s pension expenditures are clearly excessive, draining … for only 5 per cent of total retirees. Given the demographic challenges Brazil is likely to face in the next decades …

of expected pension receipt. Current pension policy in Germany runs counter to this insight, though, leading to even …

reforms in Japan. To this end, we employed a rich and longitudinal dataset of middle-aged and older individuals collected …

This paper examines the taxation of labour income in five key emerging economies: Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and … Wages methodology. Average and marginal tax wedges in Brazil and China (Shanghai) are found to be similar in size in 2010 to … those of many OECD countries. In contrast, India, Indonesia and South Africa (as well as rural China) impose very low …