Factors usually considered in models attempting to explain the economic growth of countries do not include geography as a determinant. One possible rationale for this omission is that geographic characteristics of a territory are considered part of its endowments, positive or negative....

Peaks and troughs in the spatial distributions of population, employment and wealth are a universal phenomenon in search of a general theory. Such spatial imbalances have two possible explanations. In the first one, uneven economic development can be seen as the result of the uneven distribution...