particularly relevant to policies for dealing with the gender pay gap and below-replacement fertility rates, both thought to be …

affects fertility in China. China has deep concerns with both population size and female employment, so the relationship … between the two should be better understood. Causality flows in both directions; hence, we use a plausible instrumental … variable to isolate the effect of employment on fertility. Female employment reduces a married woman’s preferred number of …

higher marriage rates for women and lower for men. Land abundance favored higher fertility. The demands of childcare …

whole. Research has focused on the effect postponing fertility has on the labor market outcomes for mothers and on the total … force participation and wages but may have negative effects on overall fertility, especially in the absence of supportive …

The causal effects of fertility are a central focus in the social sciences, but the analysis is challenged by the … endogeneity of fertility choices. Earlier work has proposed several "natural experiments" from twin births or gender composition … rare (twins) and weak (gender composition) instrumental variables for fertility. This paper proposes a new "natural …

parental decisions (labor market, investments in children, and fertility). We merge rich sources of historical information on … find that the policies exacerbated the motherhood penalty in labor market outcomes and that they affected fertility choices …