initial racial gap in education and that slavery affects growth indirectly through this channel. …We study the evolution of racial educational inequality across US states from 1940 to 2000. We show that throughout … determined by the initial gap. We obtain these results with 2SLS estimates where slavery is used as an instrument for the initial …

-2000 period. Our main conclusion is that race, rather than political institutions and education policies, is the main force …-9), as well as the impact of voting registration on education outcomes at different points in time, namely in 1917 and in the … 1950s. Finally, we turn to the determinants of a broad array of development indicators for the year 1960 and for the 1960 …

, we find that the legacy of slavery does not affect current income per capita, but does affect current income inequality …. Moreover, we find that the impact of slavery on current income inequality is determined by racial inequality. We test three … alternative channels of transmission between slavery and inequality: a land inequality theory, a racial discrimination theory and …

Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka . A theme of convergence is central to the narrative. Slaves were … Emancipation, black children continued to face many obstacles in acquiring education. In addition to their relative poverty and …

We investigate the effect of slavery on the current level of income inequality across US counties. We find that a … races. We also show that a crucial channel of transmission from slavery to racial inequality is human capital accumulation …, i.e., current inequality is primarily influenced by slavery through the unequal educational attainment of blacks and …

Income inequality is a critical issue in both political and public debate. Educational attainment is a key causal … factor of continuing inequality, since it influences human capital accumulation and, as a consequence, the unequal … distribution of earnings. Educational inequality displays a racial dimension that is particularly persistent and difficult to …

previously unexploited dataset on voter registration by race covering the counties of Mississippi in 1896, shortly after the … majority represents a threat to the de facto power of white elites. Moreover, the effect of race becomes stronger after 1890 …

migrant parents' socio-economic background, cultural capital, and language skills. Education policy needs to focus on language …-born populations. With the wealth of many industrialized countries threatened by a lack of qualified labor, education of immigrants …

background, lack solid core skills and competences that weakens the skills-base. Vocational and tertiary education do not always … professional development, and ensure its equitable distribution; strengthen the work-based component of vocational training; and … ensure that tertiary education provides the right skills. Beyond education, effective re-skilling and up-skilling programmes …