Abstract “ M -Bias,” as it is called in the epidemiologic literature, is the bias introduced by conditioning on a pretreatment covariate due to a particular “ M -Structure” between two latent factors, an observed treatment, an outcome, and a “collider.” This potential source of bias,...

Purpose: Previous studies employing the behavioral theory of the firm have not explicitly taken the roles of decision makers and corporate governance into consideration. The purpose of this paper is to fill in this gap by integrating CEO overconfidence and discretion into the performance...