Malaysian employees' public pension plan was studied to analyze pension expenditure due to salary risk and demographic risk. By integrating risk management and System Dynamics (SD) approach, the risk factors involved were identified, a causal loop diagram was constructed, and the SD model was...

Assumptions about the future development of people’s longevity have a crucial impact on the long-term sustainability of the public pension system. The use of standard methods to estimate longevity has led to systematically underestimates of increase in longevity. We use the...