This article reports and analyzes an updated version of the widely-used Polity II dataset, consisting of annual indicators of institutional democracy and autocracy for 161 states spanning the years from 1946 through 1994. The validity of the Polity III indicators of regime type is supported by...

To assess the relative importance of internal and external sources of anti- Americanism, both cross-sectional and longitudinal data were examined. Multiple regression analysis of the cross-sectional data—which cover 68 countries for the period 1956—1965—revealed that both...

This article proposes and tests a self-generative theory of conflict processes within nations. We dissect the "conflict breeds conflict" truism into three hypotheses: (1) the present extent of conflict simultaneously determines its intensity, while the present intensity of conflict determines...

A nine-fold typology of conceptions of “violence†is suggested, ranging from least to most inclusive and from the individual to the transnational level. Eight of the nine different facets of violence are then measured for 86 nations as expressed in the form of 31 variables, referring...

Protracted conflicts over the status and demands of ethnic and religious groups have caused more instability and loss of human life than any other type of local, regional, and international conflict since the end of World War II. Yet we still have accumulated little in the way of accepted...