This paper investigates some issues relating to the phenomenon of increasing returns: (1) What is the role of economies of scale in the theory of increasing returns? (2) Do pecuniary external economies lead to market failure and justify intervention in the market mechanism? (3) Are increasing...

Time-series work on trade policy and growth is handicapped by the difficulty of measuring 'trade policy'. Established definitions of trade orientation such as 'bias' or the 'effective rate of protection' are difficult to operationalise in a time-series context because of enormous data...

This study is the first to use Johansen's cointegration approach for India in the analysis of the long-term dynamics between the black and official exchange rates for the period 1953-1993. The study also estimates the long-run elasticity of the official rate with respect to the black market...

The experimental study was carried out on anaerobic digestion of jatropha (Jatropha curcas) and pongamia (Pongamia pinnata) oil seed cakes in a 20m3/d capacity floating drum biogas plant under mesophilic temperature condition. The average specific methane production potential of jatropha oil...

The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive review on renewable methane fuel production through the biological route of biomethanation process from major lignocellulosic agricultural crop waste biomass (maize, wheat, rice and sugarcane). Global annual approximate production of major...

Lignocellulosic biomass contains high percentages of lignin, which is hard to biodegrade and therefore, pretreatment is required to enhance energy recovery yield. In this study, five types of pretreatments, i.e., dilute acid, alkali, acid–alkali combination and calcium hydroxide–sodium...

This paper presents the results of an experimental methane fermentation study on untreated, NaOH and hydrothermal pretreated substrates of wheat straw. Experiments were conducted at 37 °C (mesophilic temperature). Substrates concentration were maintained at 4.45% VS (44.5 g VS/L). Untreated...