The production analysis literature is increasingly concerned with estimating marginal abatement costs. Yet, most studies do not emphasize the ways in which pollutants may be reduced and their costs, which makes them unable to identify the least costly compliance strategy. This paper utilizes the...

The notion of effective space is introduced, and input congestion is explained by economic activities’ exhaustion of effective space. In this setting, I show that profit maximization is inconsistent with input congestion at the firm level, but not necessarily with input congestion at the...