Biofuel policies are a subset of policies designed to achieve energy security, an improved environment, enhanced … agricultural incomes, technological change, and overall economic benefits, with increased domestic energy production creating green … perverse and contradictory effects. Most importantly, we show how biofuel policies established the crop-energy price link and …

significant role in explaining the presence of energy efficiency measures (loft insulation, cavity wall insulation and full double …

also account for congestion and other externalities associated with vehicle use, at least until mileage-based taxes are …On the basis of the environmental tax literature, this article recommends a system of upstream taxes on fossil fuels …, combined with refunds for downstream emissions capture, to reduce carbon and local pollution emissions. Motor fuel taxes should …

taxes. The models for the EU find that a switch in taxation from labour to carbon/energy would increase employment, reduce … use of taxes as instruments of environmental management and notes the strengths and weaknesses of the applications. The … performance of taxes relative to permits depends on the presence of uncertainty whose impacts are explored. The paper also reports …

taxes, emissions trading systems, and excise taxes on energy use. It notes that constraints – which can take the form of … political commitments or legal earmarks – on revenue use differ between carbon taxes, emissions trading systems, and excise … taxes. Constraints are less common for excise taxes, which also raise the most revenue. Carbon tax revenues are relatively …

outcomes are inefficient. In the case of negative externalities, Pigouvian taxes are one way to correct this market failure …. In such cases, policy often taxes a product correlated with the externality. For example, instead of taxing vehicle …

for a cleaner energy mix. Furthermore, additional production will soon come on stream, and there is a reasonable chance of … taxes, although how best to use the resulting revenues remains the subject of debate. Concerns about competition in the gas … longstanding due to sluggish reform away from monopoly provision by the state-owned incumbent. As elsewhere, energy use has …

policy instruments that may be technical standards, emission prohibition, tradable permits, taxes, voluntary agreements and … particular attention to how countries succeed in conducting cost-effective and consistent policies in the environment and natural …